ABSTRACT
Kidney injury may be a severe complication of acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and contributes to worsen the prognosis. Various pathophysiological mechanisms can contribute to organ damage and impair renal function, proving the complexity of the virus activity and the resulting immunity response. We summarized the evidence of the literature on the prevalence of kidney involvement, on the pathogenic pathways and on its management.
Subject(s)
Acute Kidney Injury , Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification , Coronavirus Infections , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral , Acute Kidney Injury/diagnosis , Acute Kidney Injury/etiology , Acute Kidney Injury/therapy , Acute Kidney Injury/virology , Aged, 80 and over , COVID-19 , COVID-19 Testing , Clinical Deterioration , Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods , Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis , Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology , Coronavirus Infections/therapy , Female , Humans , Kidney Function Tests , Lung/diagnostic imaging , Lung/physiopathology , Oxygen Inhalation Therapy/methods , Patient Care Management/methods , Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Pneumonia, Viral/physiopathology , Pneumonia, Viral/therapy , SARS-CoV-2 , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods , Treatment Outcome , COVID-19 Drug TreatmentABSTRACT
As of January 2020, a new pandemic has spread from Wuhan and caused thousands of deaths worldwide. Several studies have observed a relationship between coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection and the cardiovascular system with the appearance of myocardial damage, myocarditis, pericarditis, heart failure and various arrhythmic manifestations, as well as an increase in thromboembolic risk. Cardiovascular manifestations have been highlighted especially in older and more fragile patients and in those with multiple cardiovascular risk factors such as cancer, diabetes, obesity and hypertension. In this review, we will examine the cardiac involvement associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, focusing on the pathophysiological mechanism underlying manifestations and their clinical implication, taking into account the main scientific papers published to date.
ABSTRACT
The actual Coronavirus Disease (COVID 19) pandemic is due to Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a member of the coronavirus family. Besides the respiratory involvement, COVID 19 patients frequently develop a pro-coagulative state caused by virus-induced endothelial dysfunction, cytokine storm and complement cascade hyperactivation. It is common to observe diffuse microvascular thrombi in multiple organs, mostly in pulmonary microvessels. Thrombotic risk seems to be directly related to disease severity and worsens patients' prognosis. Therefore, the correct understanding of the mechanisms underlying COVID-19 induced prothrombotic state can lead to a thorough assessment of the possible management strategies. Hence, we review the pathogenesis and therapy of COVID 19-related thrombosis disease, focusing on the available evidence on the possible treatment strategies and proposing an algorithm for the anticoagulation strategy based on disease severity.